This post tells what development is, its key characteristics, the concepts of national and human development, how the World Bank and UNDP classify countries, and the concept of sustainable development.
Development – Class 10 Economics Notes (Chapter 1)
Development
- Progress or positive change in the economic, social, political, and administrative spheres of a country.
Characteristics of Development
- Different people have different development goals.
- What may be development for one may not be development for another.
- It may even be destructive for others.
- People look at mixed goals for overall development.
- Income is the most important component of development.
- Besides income, people also seek equality, freedom, security, and respect of others, along with health, peace, literacy, and pollution-free environment.
National Development
- Refers to the development of a country as a whole.
- Includes improvement in living standards, per capita income, and access to social amenities like education, health, and services.
Classifying Countries
- Based on per capita income criteria given by the World Bank.
- Per capita income = Total income ÷ Total population
- Countries with higher income (US $ 12,056 and above in 2017) are considered developed.
- Countries with low income (US $ 955 or less in 2017) are considered poor.
- India is a low-middle-income country (US $ 1820 in 2017).
- Average income does not show income inequalities, so it is not a perfect measure.
Other Attributes of Development
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of children dying before the age of 1 year per 1000 live births.
- Literacy Rate: Percentage of literate population aged 7 and above.
- Net Attendance Ratio: Children (age 14–15) attending school as a percentage of total children in that age group.
- Body Mass Index (BMI): Weight (kg) ÷ height² (m²); indicator of nutritional status.
- Life Expectancy at Birth: Average expected length of life at the time of birth.
Public Facilities
- Basic services provided by the government such as health, education, and housing.
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Human Development Report (HDR)
- Published by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).
- Compares countries based on education, health, and per capita income.
- Uses indicators such as Gross National Income (GNI), life expectancy, and mean years of schooling.
- First published in 1990.
HDI Rank (2018)
- India – 130
- Sri Lanka – 76
- Myanmar – 148
- Pakistan – 150
- Nepal – 149
- Bangladesh – 136
Sustainability of Development
- Modern concept of development focusing on the needs of present and future generations.
- Renewable Resources: Replenished by nature – e.g., vegetation, water, solar energy.
- Non-renewable Resources: Cannot be replenished quickly by nature – e.g., minerals, fossil fuels.
- Sustainable Development: Development that meets current needs without compromising future needs.
- Protecting the environment is essential for sustainability.
Source: NCERT
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