Class 10 History Important Board Questions with Answers | Chapter-wise Notes

A:1. The introduction of the fatherland and the citizen made people feel that they all belonged to one nation and had equal rights under the same laws.
2. A new national flag was adopted — the tricolour.
3. The Estates General was elected by active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths were taken, and martyrs were remembered.
5. A centralized administrative system was adopted.
6. Uniform laws were made for all citizens.
7. Internal custom duties were abolished.
8. Regional dialects were discouraged.
9. French became the national language of the country.

A:1. All privileges based on birth were abolished.
2. Everyone was treated equally before the law.
3. The right to property was protected and secured.
4. Administrative divisions were made simpler.
5. Serfdom and manorial dues were removed.
6. The feudal system came to an end.
7. Transport and communication systems were improved.
8. Uniform laws, standard weights and measures were introduced.
9. A common currency was adopted.

A:Objective: To undo most of the changes made by Napoleon in Europe and restore the old order.
Proposals of the Vienna Congress:
1. Restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in France.
2. France had to give up territories that were earlier annexed by Napoleon.
3. To stop future French expansion, a series of states was created around the boundaries of France.
4. Austria got control over northern Italy.
5. Russia was given part of Poland.
6. Prussia got part of Saxony.
7. The Kingdom of Netherlands (including Belgium) was created in the north.
8. Genoa was added to Piedmont.
9. Prussia was also given new territories on its western borders.
10. No change was made in the German Confederation of 39 states.

A:Liberalism comes from the Latin word liber, meaning free.For the new middle class, liberal nationalism meant:
In Political Sphere:
1. Government by consent
2. End of autocracy
3. Constitution and elected parliament4. Right to private property
5. Equality before law (but not universal suffrage)
In Economic Sphere:
1. Freedom of markets
2. Removal of state restrictions on trade and movement

A: Romanticism was a cultural movement that promoted art, poetry, music, and stories to create nationalist feelings.. Romantic artists
1.criticized too much focus on reason and science.
2. Focused on emotions, imagination, and mystical feelings.
They tried to develop nationalist sentiment by:
1. Creating a sense of shared heritage and common cultural past.
2. Emphasizing vernacular language and folk traditions.
3. Collecting local folklore to revive old national spirit.
4. Spreading nationalism to illiterate masses using culture.

A:1. There was a huge increase in population.
2. More job seekers than available jobs.
3. In 1848, food shortage and unemployment brought the population of Paris on roads.
4. Poor harvest led to rise in food prices.
5. Peasants suffered under feudal dues and aristocrats had special privileges.

A:1. Before unification, German Empire was divided into 39 states.
2. First failed attempt of unification was in 1848 Frankfurt Parliament.
3. After Frankfurt Parliament, Prussia became the leader state of unification.
4. Prussian Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck carried out the process with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
5. The unification process was completed through three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark, and France, all ending in Prussian victory.
6. On 18 January 1871, Prussian King Kaiser William I was declared the Emperor of unified Germany.

A:1. Before unification, Italy was divided into 7 states.
2. Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy, but the uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed.
4. After 1848, Sardinia-Piedmont, under King Victor Emmanuel II, took the lead in unification.
5. Chief Minister Cavour led the movement through diplomacy and war.
6. In 1859, Austria was defeated with the help of France.
7. Garibaldi with his Red Shirt revolutionaries liberated southern Italy and handed it over to Victor Emmanuel II.
8. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was declared the king of unified Italy.

A:1. Before the 18th century, there was no British nation.
2. The British Isles had English, Welsh, Scots, and Irish people.
3. All had their own culture and political traditions.
4. As the English nation became rich and powerful, it started dominating the others.
5. In 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland.
6. This led to the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
7. England imposed its control over Scotland.
8. Scottish culture, language, and institutions were suppressed.
9. Scots were not allowed to speak Gaelic or wear national dress.
10. In Ireland, the English helped Protestants to dominate the Catholic majority.
11. In 1798, the revolt by Wolfe Tone and the United Irishmen failed.
12. In 1801, Ireland was forcibly merged into the United Kingdom.

A:1. After 1871, the Balkan region became the most serious source of nationalist tensions in Europe.
2. Balkans was a region of ethnic and geographical diversity.
3. It was inhabited by Slavs and was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
4. Ideas of nationalism spread across the entire Balkan region.
5. With the spread of Romanticism and the decline of the Ottoman Empire, Slavic nationalities started struggling for independent identity.
6. Each Balkan state developed jealousy and wanted to gain more territory at the expense of others.
7. European powers further complicated the situation.
8. Russia, Germany, England, Austria-Hungary — all wanted to increase their control over the Balkans.
9. Nationalism aligned with imperialism, led to a series of wars.
10. And finally led to the First World War in 1914.